Egypt guide

• Geography: Stretching from south of Cairo to the Nile Delta, Lower Egypt’s landscape encompasses fertile marshlands with tributaries and canals. Its climate is milder and receives more rainfall than Upper Egypt.
• Administration: Divided into up to 20 nomes, Lower Egypt’s “lower” designation derives from its distance from the Nile’s source.
• Economy: Industrially developed, Lower Egypt benefited from trade with the Middle East, Mediterranean, and North Africa.

Deities and Symbols

• Patron Goddess: Wadjet, also represented by a cobra.
• Other Associated Gods: Bast, Ptah, Nephthys, Neith, and Horus.
• Heraldic Plant: Papyrus.
• Animal Symbol: Bee.
• Pharaoh’s Crown: Red Crown (deshret), signifying power over Lower Egypt.

Nomes of Lower Egypt

• List of Nomes:
  • Ineb Hedj (White Wall)
  • Khensu (foreleg)
  • Ament (West)
  • Sap Res (The southern shield)
  • Sap Meh (The northern shield)
  • Kaset (Mountain Bull)
  • Ament (West harpoon)
  • Abt (East harpoon)
  • Andjeti
  • Ka-qem or Kem-wer (the Black Bull)
  • Ka-henseb (Heseb Bull)
  • Theb-ka (calf and cow)
  • Heqat (sceptre)
  • Khenty-ab (foremost of the east)
  • Tehut (Ibis)
  • Kha (fish)
  • Semabehdet (the throne)
  • Am-Khent (Prince of the south)
  • Am-Pehu (Prince of the north)
  • Sopdu (plumed falcon)

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Possible Motivations

Herodotus presents three possible reasons for Cambyses’ invasion of Egypt: 1) an offense over a marriage proposal; 2) his status as a bastard son; 3) a promise to avenge a slight paid to his mother. However, Herodotus himself doubts these explanations, believing Cambyses merely sought to expand his empire. White desert

Phanes’ Defection and Consequences

Phanes, a Halicarnassian general, defected to the Persians and aided their invasion. In retaliation, Egyptian and Greek mercenaries killed his sons and drank their blood mixed with wine. A battle ensued, resulting in the defeat of the Egyptians.

Physical Differences Between Egyptian and Persian Bones

Herodotus observed that the bones of slain Egyptians were hardened and nearly unbreakable, while those of Persians were brittle. He attributed this to the Egyptians shaving their heads and exposing their skulls to the sun, thickening them. Conversely, Persians covered their heads, leaving their skulls weak.

Memphis Besieged and Pharoah’s Grief

The Egyptians fled to Memphis, which was subsequently besieged by the Persians. Seeing the fall of Memphis, Libya, Barca, and Cyrene surrendered without resistance. Pharoah’s daughter was paraded as a servant, but he showed no emotion. His son was slaughtered, but still he did not react. Only when an elderly companion was brought before him did he break down and weep.

Cambyses’ Revenge and Psammenitus’ Death

Cambyses ordered Pharoah’s son to be spared, but the order came too late. Cambyses promised not to harm Pharoah himself, but later caught him inciting revolt. Psammenitus was forced to drink bull’s blood and died. Cambyses then desecrated the body of Amasis, Pharoah’s father, infuriating the Egyptians.

Phoenicians’ Refusal and Ethiopian Envoy

Cambyses planned to invade Carthage, but the Phoenicians refused to assist him, as the Carthaginians were their descendants. He also sent spies to the Ethiopians, who outsmarted them and warned against an invasion. Pyramids

Cambyses’ Ill-Fated Expeditions

Cambyses sent an expedition against the Ammonians and took another to Ethiopia. However, both expeditions failed due to lack of provisions. Cambyses then slaughtered the Apis bull in anger, outraging the Egyptians. According to Herodotus, he became mad, possibly due to this sacrilegious act.Hurghada Day Tours    

Introduction: The temple of Hathor, situated in the Denderah temple complex, is a colossal and awe-inspiring structure that has captivated visitors for centuries. It stands as a testament to the enduring significance of the goddess Hathor in ancient Egyptian culture. Luxor temple

Architectural Features:

Outer and Inner Hypostyle Halls: The temple features two magnificent hypostyle halls: the outer hypostyle hall, added by Emperor Tiberius, and the inner hypostyle hall, also known as the “hall of appearances.” The outer hypostyle hall showcases captivating columns with sistrum-shaped capitals, while the inner hypostyle hall boasts six Hathor-headed columns.

Vestibules and Sanctuary: At the heart of the temple lie two vestibules, the “Offering Hall” and the “Hall of the Ennead,” leading to the Sanctuary. The Sanctuary once housed a gilded wooden naos shrine, where the statue of Hathor resided. The walls depict scenes of pharaohs performing rituals for the construction of the temple.

Crypts and Stairways: Beneath the central core of the temple are enigmatic crypts, some of which are adorned with depictions of the “Dendera Lightbulb.” Staircases on the east and west sides lead to the roof, where ceremonies were held during the festival of the New Year.

Rooftop Chapels and Waterspouts: The roof of the temple features two chapels dedicated to the mystery of Osiris’ death and resurrection. At the rear of the temple are massive lion-headed waterspouts that once drained water from the roof.Karnak templePhilae templeEdfu temple

The tomb of Amenhotep II, an 18th-Dynasty pharaoh, was a remarkable discovery in 1898 by Victor Loret. Similar in design to the tomb of his predecessor, Tuthmose III, it showcased exquisite beauty and historical significance. Edfu temple Edfu Egypt Tours Including Abu Simbel

The Elaborate Interior

The tomb’s layout was more intricate than Tuthmose III’s, featuring a sequence of corridors, stairways, and chambers. While some sections, like the well-shaft, remained unfinished, the vestibule and burial chamber boasted impressive decorations. The pillared hall, featuring six square pillars, displayed intricate texts of the Amduat and a captivating ceiling adorned with golden stars on a deep blue background.

Innovations in Decoration

Amenhotep II’s tomb introduced innovative decorative elements that would become prevalent in subsequent tombs. The pillars featured fully-drawn images of the king receiving the sign of life from Osiris, Anubis, and Hathor, marking a departure from traditional stick-figure depictions.

The Sarcophagus and Royal Cache

The discovery of Amenhotep II’s yellow quartzite sarcophagus in the crypt-like burial chamber was an exceptional find. The inclusion of a garland of flowers around the pharaoh’s neck hinted at ancient burial practices. Four annexes off the burial chamber revealed a treasure trove of grave goods, including a cache of 17 royal bodies and a papyrus with extracts from the “Book of Caverns.”   

Ancient Egypt Technology

Weapons in Ancient Egypt

Prior to the ancient Egyptian civilization, weapons were basic, used for self-defense, hunting, or combat. Common weapons included throwable objects like boomerangs, stones, and heavy sticks, as well as maces, clubs, and slingshots. Egypt Christmas Holidays

The History of Ancient Egyptian Weapons

As the ancient Egyptian civilization evolved, weaponry became more sophisticated, including horn bows and stone-tipped arrows. Obsidian’s glass-like properties allowed for finely honed arrow tips. Composite bows eventually replaced horn bows, and weaponry became standardized. Egypt Tour Packages

Ancient Egyptian Military Weapons

Offensive Weapons

Egyptian chariots were formidable offensive weapons, carrying an archer and a driver. Charioteers also had spears to throw at approaching enemies. Infantry foot archers supported the chariot archers, and spears and arrows were highly effective weapons against unprotected warriors. Egypt Classic Tour Packages

Axes, knives, and daggers supplemented arrows and spears as close-range weaponry. The khopesh, a crescent-shaped blade, was used for grabbing and slashing enemies. Battle axes had improved with sturdier designs.

Maces, with round or spherical heads affixed to long wooden handles, were effective against opponents at close range.

Defensive Weapons

Shields, body armor, and helmets provided protection. Shields were common, with leather shields being more effective and mobile than metal ones. Body armor, worn mainly by pharaohs, protected the torso from the waist up.

Helmets were decorative, signifying leadership, and were worn by pharaohs.

Ancient Egyptian Hunting Weapons

Hunting weaponry was similar to military weapons, except for chariots and foot archers. Long-range weapons brought down animals, while smaller implements finished them off. Egypt Family Holiday Packages

Ancient Egyptian Projectile Weapons

Early Egyptian projectile weapons included slingshots, javelins, spears, boomerangs, and stones. Boomerangs were rudimentary, used primarily for hunting. Javelins were lighter and easier to make than spears.

Facts About Ancient Egyptian Weapons

The Egyptians incorporated weapons from conquered nations into their arsenal. Bows were initially made of animal horns, while arrowheads were made of flint or bronze. Bronze was introduced around 2050 BC, followed by iron around 1550 BC.

Egyptians preferred direct attacks over surprise tactics, relying on intimidation to subdue enemies. Despite conquering neighboring countries, Egypt was not primarily a warring civilization.Cheap Holidays to Egypt

History and Destruction:

The Temple of Tuthmose III, perched high on the hills of Deir el-Bahri, once stood majestically between the temples of Mentuhotep and Hatshepsut. However, the Temple of Amun was largely destroyed by a catastrophic rock fall from the neighboring mountain.

Unearthing the Buried Temple:

In 1961-62, during restoration efforts on Hatshepsut’s temple, remnants of the buried Temple of Amun were uncovered. Fragments of columns and wall reliefs revealed the temple’s existence. A painted limestone wall fragment, depicting the king in elaborate attire, is now housed in the Luxor Museum. Karnak temple Philae temple

Mortuary Temple:

The site of Tuthmose III’s mortuary temple lies farther south towards the road. Although few remains exist, ongoing excavations by the SCA and the Academy of Fine Arts in Seville, Spain, are underway.

Cult Temple at Deir el-Bahri:

The temple at Deir el-Bahri was likely a cult temple named Djeser-Akhet, dedicated to Amun. Remains include a pillared hall with visible column bases and round columns, as well as fragments of reliefs and texts. The Shrine of Hathor, now in the Cairo Museum, and granite door jambs inscribed with the king’s name have also been discovered. Kom Ombo temple

Kiosk and Causeway:

East of the Amun Temple, on the causeway, stood the Kiosk of Tuthmose III. It replaced an earlier building by Tuthmose I, but no remains of the kiosk survive today.

Entrance:

Currently closed to the public, the Temple of Amun is undergoing study and restoration. The best view of the temple can be obtained from the mountain path overlooking Deir el-Bahri.Edfu templeLuxor temple

The Bulb-Like Objects

Beneath the Temple of Hathor at Dendera lie intriguing inscriptions depicting bulb-like objects reminiscent of Crookes tubes. Inside these “bulbs,” a snake forms a wavy line from a lotus flower while a “wire” connects to a box upon which the air god kneels. Beside the bulb stands a two-armed djed pillar, connected to the snake, and a baboon bearing knives.

The “Light Bulb” Theory

Erich von Daniken famously theorized that the snake represented a filament, the djed pillar an insulator, and the tube an ancient electric light bulb. The baboon was interpreted as a warning against the device’s potential dangers. However, experts argue that the solid glass bulb in modern light bulbs provides insulation, rendering the djed pillar unnecessary.

The Crypts and Sacred Objects

At the temple’s southern end are five subterranean crypts believed to have housed valuable temple objects, including the “ba” of Hathor. A gold statuette of the goddess sat within a kiosk surrounded by fine linen curtains. The inscriptions describe a gold base, roof, and four posts draped with linen. Philae temple

The Djed Pillar and Inscriptions

The temple’s sandstone walls feature a large limestone block carved with the scenes depicting the bulb-like objects. This suggests the significance of these images, possibly related to religious or ritual practices. The djed pillar, symbolizing “enduring” or “stability,” holds no apparent connection to electrical insulation.

Mythological Interpretations

Sylvie Caulville suggested that the “light-bulbs” represented lotus flower bulbs, giving birth to the god Ihy. Another theory proposes that the inscriptions depicted a sacred procession held on New Year’s Eve, representing the myth of Ihy’s emergence from a lotus flower. Aswan High Dam

The Ritual Theory

Despite the lack of evidence for electric devices in ancient Egypt, some speculate that the priests performed a ritual using the inscriptions. They claim that three stages of the ritual, represented by different positions of the “bulb,” produced varying degrees of light vibrations. While creative, this theory conflicts with the established meanings of the elements in the inscriptions. Cairo Tours from Hurghada

Conclusion

The enigmatic inscriptions of Dendera continue to spark debate and speculation. While the “light bulb” theory has been widely discredited, the possibility of a deeper, encoded meaning remains. Ultimately, the inscriptions invite us to contemplate the complexities of ancient Egyptian beliefs and the enduring fascination with the mysteries of the past.

Ta’amia: A Culinary Legacy

Ta’amia, an ancient Egyptian creation, is a beloved dish in the Middle East today. Made with fava beans (or chickpeas for falafel), this flavorful paste is seasoned with coriander, cumin, and more. Its versatility allows for serving with bread, salads, or tahini dip. Kom Ombo temple

Ma’moul: Sweet Delicacies

Ma’moul, shortbread pastries originating in Egypt, are filled with delectable treats such as figs, dates, or nuts. The pliable dough created from flour, butter, and orange flower water envelops the filling, leaving a tantalizing circle visible. Baked to perfection, they are a delightful treat for any occasion.

Tigernut Sweets: Nature’s Goodness

Tigernut sweets embody the simplicity and abundance of ancient Egypt. Made with fresh dates, cinnamon, walnuts, and almonds, these energy balls are a perfect balance of sweet and nutty flavors. Coated in honey and ground almonds, they offer a wholesome and satisfying treat.Siwa Egypt Day Tours    

The Goddess with Multiple Forms

Weret-Hekau, also known as Urthekau, was a multifaceted goddess depicted as both a lion-headed woman and a serpent with a female head. She held a sacred association with the divine uraeus and the Red Crown of Lower Egypt.

The Wife and Protector of the Sun God

As the wife of Re-Horakhty, Weret-Hekau adorned the sun disc on her head, symbolizing her divine connection. She acted as a guardian of the sun god and a benevolent nurse for pharaohs. The pharaoh’s right to rule stemmed in part from his connection to her, as the next pharaoh was often borne by his Great Wife. Sharm EL Sheikh Tours Sharm El Sheikh Hatshepsut

The Great Magician and Association with Other Goddesses

Weret-Hekau was renowned as “She Who is Rich in Magic Spells,” leading to speculations that she may have been a form of Isis. Her association with both the lion and serpent, as symbols of protection, linked her to Wadjet and Sekhmet. Moreover, she is believed to have played a part in the myth of the “Eye of Ra.”

The Protective Symbol in Burial and Medicine

The name and symbol of Weret-Hekau appeared on magical weapons buried with the dead, signifying her protection in the underworld. Her name also graced ivory knives, believed to safeguard pregnant and nursing women.

Early Life and Rise to Power

1. Ruled during the fourth dynasty of ancient Egypt
2. Known by the name Radjedef
3. Son of Khufu (possibly his brother)
4. May have ascended to the throne after killing his brother, Crown Prince Kawab
5. Married to Khentetka, Hetepheres II, and others
6. Had at least five children, including Setka, Nikaudjedefre, Baka, Hornit, and Neferhetepes

Pyramid and Construction Projects

1. Built his pyramid at Abu Rawash, eight kilometers north of Giza
2. Reasons for choosing Abu Rawash are unclear; possibly to distance himself from his father, Khufu, or to be buried closer to the cult center of Ra at Heliopolis
3. Added the title “Son of Ra” to his nomen
4. First pharaoh to construct a sphinx, which was a statue of his wife, Hetepheres II, in sphinx form
5. May have also been responsible for building the Sphinx of Giza
6. Pyramid at Zawiet el-Aryan may also be linked to Djedefre

Reign Length and Legacy

1. Reign length disputed, with some sources crediting him with eight years while others estimate eleven or more
2. Completed his pyramid at Abu Rawash, suggesting a reign of at least several years
3. Succeeded by his younger half-brother, Menkaure
4. Left a legacy as a prominent fourth dynasty pharaoh who contributed to the growth of the solar cult

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Sennedjem, a skilled artisan, lived in Deir el-Medina during the reign of Seti I and Rameses II. His title as “Servant in the Place of Truth” indicated his role in constructing the necropolis. Alabaster Mosque Giza

Treasures from an Ancient Tomb

Sennedjem’s tomb, discovered intact in 1886, showcased a remarkable collection of artifacts. The burial chamber contained 20 mummies, including Sennedjem and his family, along with a trove of funerary equipment that is now housed in museums worldwide.

Scenes from the Burial Chamber

The tomb’s vibrant paintings depict various scenes and rituals related to Sennedjem’s journey to the afterlife. Upon entry, Sennedjem is depicted worshipping Atum, while on the left, lions symbolize yesterday and today. The deceased’s mummified body is seen on the southern wall, being tended to by deities and family members.

Deities and the Afterlife

The western wall features Sennedjem worshipping deities of the Netherworld, including Osiris and Re-Horakhty. The northern wall depicts Sennedjem being guided by Anubis and offering to Osiris. The eastern wall showcases the deceased couple enjoying a prosperous afterlife in the Fields of Iaru.

Guardians and Offerings

The southern wall portrays Sennedjem and his wife worshipping guardians of the Netherworld gates, while the register below showcases their relatives bringing offerings. The ceiling is adorned with scenes and texts of Sennedjem worshipping divinities.Sharm EL Sheikh Tours

1. Entrance to the Tomb of Peshedu: Visitors can explore this hidden gem from dawn to dusk during the winter season. A steep climb leads to the tomb’s entrance, accompanied by a guardian. An additional ticket fee is required.

Interior Decoration: A Tapestry of Deities and Funeral Scenes

1. Vaulted Ceiling and Burial Chamber: The tomb’s vaulted ceiling depicts a procession of gods, while the burial chamber showcases vibrant scenes from the “Book of the Dead,” with Anubis prominently featured.
2. Depiction of Peshedu and Family: The east entrance wall depicts Peshedu and his family, including his parents and wife, Nedjemtebehdet. The northern wall showcases a tender moment between Peshedu and Nedjemtebehdet with their children, while the end wall narrates the “Abydos Pilgrimage.”
3. Osiris and Horus: The Divine Duet: The western end wall features Osiris and Horus, with the north wall continuing the depiction of Peshedu and his family adoring various gods. Egypt Tour Packages Cheap Holidays to Egypt
4. Peshedu’s Oasis and Abandoned Daily Life: The east entrance wall concludes with a unique scene of Peshedu by a date-laden palm tree, a departure from the earlier portrayal of daily life in tombs. Egypt Christmas Holidays

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Although once a significant village on the east bank of the Nile, Shenhur now remains a little-visited site near Qus. Its enigmatic name, “The Lake of Horus,” belies its lack of any visible water feature. Cairo Tours from Hurghada Egypt Christmas Holidays

The History of Shenhur

Few early travelers ventured to Shenhur. It was first documented in Wilkinson’s “Topography of Thebes” (1835), and later visited by L’Hôte (1839) and Lepsius (1845). However, it was the Belgian-French excavation team led by Quaegebeur, Traunecker, and Willems in the 1990s that sparked serious interest in the site.

The Augustan Temple: A Trail of Destruction

The Augustan temple has suffered extensive damage over time due to stone-robbing and lime-burning. Despite this, some poorly preserved reliefs remain in the northern part of the structure. The sanctuary, vestibule, and door jambs were decorated by Augustus himself. Cheap Holidays to Egypt

Hidden Chambers and Astronomical Wonders

An intriguing discovery in the Augustan temple was a secret chamber behind a doorway with a bronze hinge. Two movable blocks revealed an opening leading to a crypt. The wabet, a small chamber dedicated to New Year rituals, features part of an astronomical ceiling depicting the goddess Nut and cosmic deities.

The Shrine of Horudja and the Enigma of Tutu

During the reign of Tiberius, a chapel dedicated to the child-god Horudja was constructed to the southwest of the Augustan temple. It is associated with the obscure god Tutu, who was considered a vanquisher of Apothis and the chief of mythical demons. Tutu’s rise to prominence in the area is evidenced by his depictions on amulets, coins, and temple reliefs. Egypt Classic Tour Packages

The Temple’s Expansion

A hypostyle hall with four columns was built in front of the Augustan temple, possibly during the reign of Nero. The final building phase involved adding a large pronaos on a transverse axis, giving the temple a T-shaped plan. Egypt Tour Packages

The Mysterious Exterior Walls

The exterior walls of the Augustan temple, decorated by Claudius, depict various deities and rituals. The eastern wall, decorated by Tiberius, includes a double-scene of the Emperor with the Theban and Coptos Triads.

A Sacred Lake and Later Occupation

Excavations revealed a false door in the center of the rear wall with column bases and limestone basins, suggesting the presence of a sacred lake. Later domestic buildings dating from the 5th century were also found in this area.

Umm el-Baragat, a village near the ancient town site of Tebtunis, is located at the Faiyum’s southern edge. The town, founded during the New Kingdom, became a significant Graeco-Roman city, inhabited until Islamic times.

Remains and Reconstruction

Tebtunis boasts low walls with original plaster and paint, a partially reconstructed Soknebtynis temple, and a stone-paved sacred way. The site also features reconstructed Greek-style limestone columns and a large crocodile cemetery.

Literary Discovery

Excavations have revealed a Roman library containing fragmentary papyri known as the Tebtunis Papyri, which include literary, medical, and religious documents. The crocodile cemetery, accidentally discovered during the excavation, has yielded over 1000 mummified crocodiles and sarcophagi. Egypt Christmas Holidays

Recent Discoveries Luxor temple

Recent excavations have uncovered hundreds of ostraka and papyri, restored domestic quarters, and Roman baths. Evidence suggests that ancient villages may lie beneath the surrounding cultivated fields, including a Ptolemaic settlement called Kerkeosiris.

Getting There

From Medinet el-Faiyum, take the Itsa road south, turn right at the fork towards El-Gharaq, and then right again at Tutun. Follow the Bahr el-Gharaq canal until you reach the desert, cross the bridge, and head towards Umm el-Baragat.

The Foundation of Antinopolis

Antinopolis, located near the modern village of Sheikh ‘Ibada, was established in AD 130 by Emperor Hadrian. The town’s namesake, Antinous, was a beloved servant boy who tragically drowned in the Nile during a tour with Hadrian. The grieving emperor commissioned numerous sculptures and busts of Antinous, deifying him and founding a town in his honor.

Ruins and Architectural Remains

Today, only remnants of Antinopolis remain, including the ruins of a Roman portico and portions of the city walls, which once enclosed streets, temples, and a theater. A hippodrome, used for chariot races, was also located nearby. A large temple from the Graeco-Roman period was destroyed in the 19th century. Egypt Christmas Holidays

Pre-Roman Structures

Prior to the Roman era, this site was part of a caravan route connecting the Nile to the Red Sea. Archaeological evidence includes a temple decorated by Rameses II, dedicated to various deities. Portions of this temple, including a columned courtyard, hypostyle hall, and sanctuary, are still visible. Cairo Tours from Hurghada Egypt Classic Tour Packages

Archaeological Investigations

From 1965 to 1968, an Italian Mission from the University of Rome conducted archaeological research at Sheikh ‘Ibada. Most recently, in 2009, an archaeological team from the University of Florence discovered a talatat block from the Amarna period. The block, now reused in a Christian church, depicts the image of an Amarna queen, possibly Akhenaten’s wife, Nefertiti.Egypt Tour PackagesCheap Holidays to Egypt

Construction and Design Karnak temple Edfu temple Luxor temple

The Temple of Amada, built during the reigns of Pharaohs Thutmose III and Amenhotep II (XVIIIth Dynasty), stands as the oldest temple in Nubia. Adorned with scenes featuring its creators, the temple boasts a small protozoic colonnade with 24 light-grooved columns. Later additions by Thutmose IV, Seti I, and Ramses II further enhanced its architectural grandeur.

Historical Significance

During the early centuries of Christianity, the Temple of Amada was converted into a church by the Copts, leaving behind an adobe dome as a testament to its multifaceted history. The temple holds two significant historical inscriptions: one detailing Amenhotep II’s military campaign in Asia, and another mentioning Merenptah’s rejection of a Libyan invasion.

Conservation and Importance Kom Ombo temple

The Temple of Amada retains its architectural splendor thanks to its extraordinary state of preservation. The vibrant hieroglyphics and intricate details of the figures make it a captivating destination for visitors. Its unique combination of historical significance and artistic beauty makes it one of the most intriguing temples in Nubia.Philae temple

Religious Significance

Abydos, located in the Nile Valley, has been a significant religious site since ancient times. The earliest rulers chose to be buried in a desert necropolis here, establishing its sacred connection to Osiris, the god of the afterlife.

Monumental Remains

Temple of Seti I:

1. Largest Abydos temple, built in the 19th Dynasty
2. L-shaped plan with seven sanctuaries and extensive decorations
3. Depictions of battle scenes, rituals, and offerings

Osirion: Egypt Tours Including Abu Simbel

1. Curious underground structure located behind the Seti Temple
2. Believed to have been a pseudo burial chamber or a cenotaph for Osiris
3. Decorated with scenes from the “Book of Gates” and “Book of the Dead”

Royal Pilgrimage

Abydos was a pilgrimage destination for many centuries. Egyptians desired to be buried there, either physically or symbolically. The desire for a burial in Abydos is often mentioned in tomb inscriptions.

Historical Legacy

Abydos flourished from the Early Dynastic Period to Christian times. The New Kingdom temples of Seti I and Rameses II dominate the site today. Other monuments, dating back to earlier periods, can also be found in the desert.

Accessibility

Abydos can be reached by train, taxi, or coach from various surrounding towns. Road travel no longer requires a convoy, allowing visitors extended time to explore the site.Abu SimbelAbu Simbel Temple

Geographic Marvels:

Explore Egypt’s vast and diverse landscapes, from the arid deserts to the fertile Nile Delta. Witness the mighty Nile River, the lifeline of the nation, and marvel at the oases that dot the desolate sands. Cairo

Climate and Seasons: Philae temple

Embrace the scorching sun and balmy breezes that define Egypt’s desert climate. Experience the contrasting seasons, from the warmth of summer to the milder winters, offering a unique opportunity to explore in comfort.

Cultural Legacy and History:

Immerse yourself in Egypt’s rich cultural tapestry, woven with tales of pharaohs, queens, and ancient civilizations. Discover the iconic pyramids, a testament to the ingenuity and dedication of the Egyptian people.

Modern Encounters:

Venture beyond the ancient marvels to discover Egypt’s vibrant present. Engage with the friendly locals, witness their deep-rooted religious traditions, and explore the bustling cities, offering a blend of modern amenities and historical charm.

An Escape from Artificiality:

Escape the hustle and bustle of contemporary life and embrace the tranquility of Egypt’s desert retreats. Let the untouched landscapes and ancient wonders transport you to a realm of peace and authenticity.

Titles and Position

During the Ramesside Period, Nefersekheru held the titles of “Scribe of the Divine Offerings of all the Gods” and “Officer in the Treasury of the Southern City.” Aswan

Location and Layout

Nefersekheru’s tomb is situated on the hill dividing Deir el-Bahri from Sheikh ‘Abd el-Qurna. Built onto the eastern end of Djutmose’s Dynasty XVIII tomb (TT295), it consists of a courtyard, a long hall, and three statue niches.

Decorated Hall

The hall is adorned with well-preserved colorful paintings depicting various scenes, including: Fayoum Giza

1. Nefersekheru and his wife worshiping, with texts from hymns to Amun and Osiris
2. Scenes from the “Book of Gates,” showing him before the Guardians and in a judgment scene
3. A relaxed scene of Nefersekheru and his wife enjoying a pool in a garden
4. The deceased offering to cult images of Amenhotep I and Ahmose-Nefertari
5. Scenes of funerary offerings, statues of Nefersekheru and Osiris, and Nut as a djed-pillar

Statue Niches

The three statue niches feature life-sized statues of Nefersekheru with Osiris in the center. The niche on the right depicts Nut as a djed-pillar adored by deities and baboons, with scenes of Nefersekheru’s wives, Ma’atmut and Sekhemwy. The niche on the northern wall holds seated statues of Nefersekheru with two women, possibly his wives.

Notes

1. The wall paintings are protected behind glass panels.
2. The entrance to Djutmose’s tomb is located in the western wall of Nefersekheru’s hall.
3. The tombs at el-Khoka are open daily from 6:00am to 4:00pm, with tickets available for EGP 25.

Early Dynastic Period

1. Queen Neithotep: A potential co-ruler with her husband or regent, Neithotep’s status as a female pharaoh remains debated. Her presence in a royal symbol, the serekh, suggests a significant role during her time.
2. Queen Mereneith: Acting as a regent for her son, Mereneith demonstrated her authority as a ruler. She received the title of “King’s Mother” and displayed her name in a serekh, bearing the symbol of the goddess Neith.

Old Kingdom Luxor

1. Queen Khentkaus I: Depicted with pharaonic symbols, Khentkaus I’s title suggests she may have been a queen regent or the mother of multiple rulers.
2. Queen Khentkaus II: Also known as the “Mother of Two Kings,” Khentkaus II’s enhanced tomb and regal depictions indicate a potential rule or regency.

Middle Kingdom

1. Queen Sobekneferu: A confirmed pharaoh, Sobekneferu adopted male insignia to symbolize her full acceptance of royal authority.

New Kingdom

Ptolemaic Period

1. Cleopatra VII: The most well-known female pharaoh, Cleopatra VII’s reign marked a period of significant power and influence.

Memnon Colossi

From the Tomb of Intef

In the ethereal realm of an ancient pharaoh’s tomb, echoes of a poignant song reverberate through time. The “Harper’s Song” adorns the walls, a testament to the fleeting nature of life and the futility of material possessions. Abu Simbel

From the Tomb of Neferhotep

As dawn breaks, the “Harper’s Song” echoes from the tomb of Neferhotep, the priest. It celebrates the cycle of birth and death, urging the living to embrace the joys of life while it lingers. Hurghada

From the Tomb of Inherkhawy

In the tomb of Inherkhawy, the overseer of Thebes’ royal cemetery, the “Harper’s Song” resonates with a message of acceptance and hope. It encourages the living to make the most of their earthly existence, to cherish every moment, and to live a life free from worry and regret.Edfu temple

Day 1: Discover the Marvels of Cairo Egypt Classic Tour Packages

Upon arriving at Cairo International Airport, embark on an exhilarating excursion to the Giza Plateau. Witness the grandeur of the Great Pyramids of Cheops, Khafre, and Menkaure, marvel at the enigmatic Sphinx, and explore the Valley Temple. Delve into ancient history with a visit to the Step Pyramid of Djoser in Saqqara and explore the ruins of Memphis, the ancient capital of Egypt. Cheap Holidays to Egypt

Day 2: Explore the Treasures of Cairo

Immerse yourself in the treasures of the Egyptian Museum, home to an unrivaled collection of ancient Egyptian artifacts, including the opulent tomb of King Tutankhamun. Uncover the secrets of the Citadel of Saladin and admire the Alabaster Mosque of Mohamed Ali. Trace the vibrant heritage of Coptic and Islamic Cairo by visiting the Hanging Church, Ben Ezra Synagogue, and the bustling Khan el Khalili bazaar.

Day 3: Aswan and its Archaeological Wonders Egypt Tour Packages

Witness the Unfinished Obelisk, a testament to the skill and ingenuity of ancient Egyptian engineers. Journey to the breathtaking temples of Abu Simbel, dedicated to Ramses II and his beloved wife Nefertari. On the picturesque Philae Island, discover the ancient temple dedicated to the goddess Isis, meticulously relocated to prevent its submergence.

Day 4: A Memorable Farewell

As you bid farewell to Egypt, reflect on the unforgettable memories you have created. Depart from Cairo International Airport with a heart filled with awe and inspiration, knowing that your Egypt itinerary has been a truly transformative experience.Cairo Tours from Hurghada

Immerse Yourself in the Vibrant Khan El Khalili Market

Venture into the winding streets of Khan El Khalili, a labyrinth of shops and stalls offering a tantalizing array of treasures. From shimmering gold artifacts to fragrant perfumes, you’ll find an eclectic collection of souvenirs to take home. As darkness descends, traditional lanterns illuminate the market, creating a magical ambiance where you can stroll at your leisure and savor the sights, sounds, and scents. Hurghada

Stroll Along the Majestic Al Muizz Street

Step into the heart of Islamic Cairo and embark on a breathtaking walk along Al Muizz Street. Spanning nearly a kilometer, this vibrant thoroughfare is adorned with architectural gems illuminated by colorful lights. Marvel at the intricate facades of mosques, madrasas, and palaces, including the Al-Hakim Bi Amr Allah Mosque, Al-Aqmar Mosque, and the Qalawun complex.

Relax at the Historic Fishawi Cafe

Take a break from the bustling streets and unwind at Fishawi, a legendary cafe steeped in literary history. Located within Khan El Khalili, Fishawi serves exceptional coffee, mint tea, and aromatic water pipes. Immerse yourself in the vibrant ambiance as you sip your drink and soak up the atmosphere that inspired renowned Egyptian authors like Naguib Mahfouz.

Ascend Cairo Tower for Panoramic Vistas

Ascend to the towering heights of Cairo Tower, a 187-meter marvel offering unparalleled views of the city skyline. From its revolving restaurant or observation deck, gaze upon the Nile River illuminated by the lights of passing boats and the cityscape stretching out before you. Capture breathtaking memories and enjoy a dining experience with a panoramic backdrop.

Embark on a Dinner Cruise with Traditional Entertainment

Experience the allure of the Nile River with a dinner cruise. Relax as you sail along the majestic waterway, admiring the city’s illuminated skyline and iconic landmarks from a different perspective. Indulge in delicious Egyptian cuisine while enjoying a captivating belly dancing performance accompanied by traditional music.

Revel in the Opera House’s Cultural Splendor

If you’re a lover of the performing arts, visit the Cairo Opera House, a renowned venue that hosts an array of productions. From opera to ballet, musicals to concerts, there’s always something captivating on offer. Explore the complex, which boasts seven different theaters, a music library, a museum, and an art gallery. Check their website for upcoming performances and book your tickets to experience the best of Cairo‘s cultural scene.

Take a Felucca Ride at Sunset

For a truly unforgettable experience, hire a felucca, a traditional wooden boat, and embark on a sunset cruise along the Nile River. Allow yourself to be transported back in time as you glide through the tranquil waters, feeling the gentle breeze and the rocking motion of the boat. Relish the serene beauty of the sunset as the golden rays cast a warm glow on the city’s skyline.

Discover the Rhythm of Live Music

Cairo‘s nightlife extends beyond its historic landmarks. Indulge in the city’s vibrant music scene at venues like The Place, where you can enjoy live international and Egyptian music while sipping cocktails overlooking the Nile River. For jazz enthusiasts, the Ramses Hilton Hotel’s 30th-floor club offers an unforgettable ambiance. Experience the musical magic of the Cairo Jazz Club, renowned for its exceptional atmosphere and captivating performances.

Experience the Magic of the National Circus

For a captivating blend of entertainment and art, head to the National Circus of Agouza. Completely free of animals, the circus showcases a dazzling spectacle that fuses technology and acrobatics. Witness aerialists, jugglers, and performers displaying their extraordinary skills, leaving you spellbound and mesmerized. Egypt Shore Excursions

Witness the Sound and Light Show at the Giza Pyramids

As darkness descends, head to the iconic Giza Pyramids for an unforgettable experience. Witness the breathtaking Sound and Light show, where laser beams illuminate the ancient structures, casting a captivating glow on the walls and the surrounding desert. Listen to the enigmatic voice of the Sphinx as it narrates the tales of pharaohs and the construction of these monumental wonders.   

The Opening of the Mouth ritual was a crucial aspect of ancient Egyptian burial practices. It transformed the deceased into an “akh,” an active and effective spirit, allowing the spirit to see, speak, hear, breathe, and receive offerings of food and drink. The ritual was performed on mummies, statues, or coffins to provide a backup in case of damage or destruction to the body.

Ritual Components

The Opening of the Mouth ritual involved the reading of spells, the sacrifice of a calf, and the use of various tools. Spells 21, 22, and 23 of the Book of the Dead specifically reference this ritual. The adze, a cutting tool, symbolized the concept of choosing; its image was used in the hieroglyph for “stp.” The peseskhaf, a spoon-shaped knife, was associated with childbirth and rebirth. Kom Ombo

Performance

The ritual was conducted by a Sem Priest wearing leopard skin robes or by the son of the deceased in royal burials, signifying his succession to the throne. The procession would proceed to the tomb entrance, where the Sem Priest would fall into a trance and be symbolically awakened by other priests. The priest would announce that he had seen the deceased in all his forms, prompting the other priests to call on him to protect his father Osiris. Aswan Tours & Excursions

Rebirth and Feast

The foreleg of the sacrificed calf, similar in shape to the adze, was presented to the mummy to separate the ba from the body. The Sem Priest would touch the mummy’s face, imitating the action of cleaning the mouth of a newborn. Offerings of grain and a peseskhaf knife were made. The deceased, now reborn as an akh, could participate in a funeral feast.Cairo Tours from Hurghada

Origins and Classification Egypt Classic Tour Packages

Lepsius Number One, discovered in Abu Rawash, has been a subject of debate regarding its nature. Some speculate it to be a small step pyramid similar to the seven pyramids from Seila to Elephantine. However, its internal substructure suggests it may have been intended as a tomb.

Attribution to Huni

Egyptologist Swelim attributes Lepsius Number One to Huni of the third dynasty, believing it to be a step pyramid built on a rock core. However, this claim is disputed by Verner, who points out its unusual location on the flood plain and the presence of later tombs cut into the core.

Verner’s Theory

Verner contends that the later tombs in the core imply that the pyramid may have already collapsed by the time they were built. He argues that if it had been standing, it would have been unlikely to allow such extensive excavation into the rock beneath it. Pyramids

Alternative Candidate

Despite Verner’s reservations, Huni remains a likely candidate for the construction of Lepsius Number One. The only other proposed alternative is Neferka of the Early Period.

Structure and Dimensions White desert

The pyramid was constructed using layers of mudbrick over a rock core. Over time, most of the mudbrick has been removed, but estimates suggest it was once between 100 and 150 meters high with a base length of approximately 215 meters. A sloping corridor led down to a small burial chamber.    

A Hub of Transportation

Egypt is home to a vast network of airports, making it a major hub for air travel. With 28 international airports, it boasts the highest number in Africa, connecting Egypt to destinations worldwide. Cairo Tours from Hurghada Egypt Classic Tour Packages

International Connections

1. Cairo International Airport: The busiest airport in Egypt, offering flights to over 90 destinations in 51 countries.
2. Luxor International Airport: Serves Luxor with flights to 10 destinations in 6 countries.
3. Sohag International Airport: Offers flights to 6 destinations in 4 countries.
4. Aswan International Airport: Serves only domestic flights.
5. Abu Simbel Airport: Offers domestic flights to or from Abu Simbel.

Domestic Destinations

1. Marsa Alam International Airport: Serves 22 destinations in 8 countries, with 4 domestic flights.
2. Asyut Airport: Offers flights to 3 destinations in 3 countries.
3. Hurghada International Airport: The second-largest airport in Egypt, serving 52 destinations in 16 countries, with 6 domestic flights.
4. Sharm el-Sheikh International Airport: The third-largest airport, serving 36 destinations in 12 countries, with 5 domestic flights.
5. Borg El Arab Airport: Serves Alexandria City, offering flights to 10 destinations in 9 countries, with 3 domestic flights.

Airlines

Egypt is home to several airlines, including: Egypt Tour Packages Cheap Holidays to Egypt

1. Air Arabia Egypt
2. Air Cairo
3. EgyptAir
4. FlyEgypt
5. Nile Air

EgyptAir: A Leading Choice

EgyptAir is the national airline of Egypt, known for its high safety and hygiene standards. While there are various airlines to choose from, EgyptAir consistently ranks among the top airlines serving Egypt.Egypt Christmas Holidays

Definition and Agreement: An adjective in Ancient Egyptian is a word describing a noun and agrees with the noun in gender and number (singular/plural). For example, an adjective for a female noun has the female ending “t,” and adjectives for plural nouns are also plural. Grand Egyptian Museum

Word Order: Unlike English, adjectives in Ancient Egyptian generally follow the noun they describe, as in “s bin” (evil man). However, they can also be used as predicate adjectives (e.g., “The cat is graceful”), in which case the noun follows the adjective.

Use as Nouns: Adjectives can also be used as nouns, marked by a determinative sign indicating that it is a noun. Some common adjectives used as nouns include: White desert

1. ‘a (great, big)
2. nb (every)
3. wr (great, mighty)
4. bin (bad, evil)
5. nfr (good, beautiful)
6. w’b (pure)

Demonstrative Adjective: “This” The word “this” also acts as an adjective and follows the noun, agreeing with it in gender and number: Egypt Christmas Holidays

1. pn (this – masculine)
2. tn (this – feminine)

Special Case: “nb” (All/Lord) The word “nb” can act as an adjective (following and agreeing with the noun), meaning “all,” “every,” or “any.” However, if “nb” appears before the noun, it takes on a different meaning and is translated as “lord” or “master.” 

Proteus and the Trojan War

According to Herodotus, Proteus, the pharaoh ruling Egypt during the Trojan War, originated from Memphis, suggesting a new dynasty. Scholars believe he may have been Setnakhte of the twentieth dynasty, named Polybus by Homer. Herodotus identified Polybus with Proteus, while Manetho attributed the name Thuoris to her, confirming Tausret’s identity as Setnakhte’s predecessor. Notably, Herodotus claimed that Helen never went to Troy and portrayed the Egyptian pharaoh as a righteous character. Egypt Tour Packages Cheap Holidays to Egypt Egypt Classic Tour Packages

The Arrival of Helen and Paris

Herodotus recounts that Helen and Alexander (Paris) fled Menelaus to Egypt, where a storm forced them to seek refuge. The pharaoh refused to extradite Alexander due to his status as a storm-driven traveler. However, he reprimanded Alexander’s actions and held Helen with her treasure until Menelaus’s arrival. Both Menelaus and his companions remained unaware of this situation and attacked Ilion (Troy) to reclaim Helen and the treasure. The Trojans’ denial of Helen’s presence prompted the attack. Egypt Family Holiday Packages

Historical Evidence

Herodotus argued that Helen must have been in Egypt based on the assumption that she would have been surrendered to her husband if present in Troy. Furthermore, he claimed that Proteus built a temple for “the foreign Aphrodite” within his enclosure, providing evidence of Helen’s residence.Egypt Christmas Holidays   

Museums in Cairo

1. The Egyptian Museum

1. The world’s oldest Museum of ancient artifacts
2. Houses the most extensive collection of pharaonic artifacts
3. Chronicles 5,000 years of Egyptian history

2. The Coptic Museum

1. Largest collection of Coptic artwork and artifacts in the world
2. Features religious objects, textiles, and manuscripts

3. Gayer-Anderson Museum Grand Egyptian Museum

1. 17th-century domestic architecture
2. Houses a collection of furniture, glassware, and architectural details

4. Islamic Museum of Cairo

1. Complete collection of medieval art from the Islamic civilization
2. Exhibits jewelry, weapons, textiles, and scientific objects

5. Abdeen Palace Luxor temple

1. Museum and residence of the President of Egypt
2. Opulent palace with lavish decor and numerous paintings

6. The Palace of Prince Mohamed Ali (Al Manial Palace)

1. Palace and museum built by Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik in the late 19th century
2. Blends European and Islamic architectural styles

7. The National Museum of Egyptian Civilization

1. Focuses on ancient and prehistoric civilizations
2. Houses 50,000 artifacts from various periods

Museums in Alexandria

8. The Greco-Roman Museum Luxor Day Tours

1. Collections from Greek and Roman cultures in Egypt
2. Includes sculptures, mummies, and tapestries

9. National Museum of Alexandria

1. History of Alexandria through the ages
2. Exhibits artifacts from the Pharaonic, Roman, Coptic, and Islamic eras

10. The Attic Underwater Museum

1. Sunken monuments from Alexandria‘s ancient history
2. Includes the Temple of Heraklion and royal jewelry

11. The Museums of the Library of Alexandria

1. Sadat Museum (modern history), Museum of Rare Books, Museum of History of Science, and Museum of Antiquity

12. Royal Jewellery Museum

1. Houses the jewelry and ornaments of the last Egyptian royal family
2. Located in the palace of Princess Fatema El Zahraa

Museum in Luxor

13. The Luxor Museum

1. Antiquities from temples and constructions in the Luxor area
2. Mummies of pharaohs Ahmose I and Ramesses I

14. Mummification Museum

1. Educational institution dedicated to the art of mummification
2. Displays mummies of cats, fish, and crocodiles

Museum in Aswan

15. Nubian Museum

1. Preserves Nubian heritage and culture
2. Houses artifacts rescued from the Nile waters and excavations

    

Hathor’s Son and Patron Ihy, also known as Ahy, was the god of music and musicians in ancient Egypt. He was closely associated with the goddess Hathor, who was his mother and the goddess of music, dance, and intoxication. Ihy was worshiped in the temple of Hathor in the Denderah temple complex as the son of Hathor and Horus. Luxor Day Tours

The Sistrum-Player Ihy’s symbol was the sistrum, a musical instrument associated with Hathor. He was often depicted as a young boy wearing the sidelock of youth, with his finger held to his mouth and a sistrum in his right hand. Ihy’s role as the sistrum-player reflected his close association with music and musicians.

Beyond Dendera Although Ihy was primarily worshiped in Dendera, he also appeared in the spells of the Coffin Texts and the Book of the Dead. In these texts, he was referred to as the “lord of bread” and was considered to be in charge of beer. This association with food and drink may be due to Hathor’s connection with beer and intoxication.Philae temple

The Ruined Pyramid

The Pyramid of Meidum, attributed to Pharaoh Sneferu, stands as a testament to architectural experimentation. Despite its current state of disrepair, its once-magnificent structure earned it the moniker “el-haram el-kaddab” (the “False Pyramid”). Its ruined state, with only three steps remaining, reflects centuries of erosion and decay.

Stages of Construction

Unlike traditional pyramids, Meidum was constructed in three distinct stages. Initially designed as a seven-step pyramid, a further step was added mid-construction. The final stage saw it transformed into a true pyramid by filling in the steps and capping them with limestone. However, this change in design compromised the pyramid’s stability.

Architectural Features

The pyramid exhibits unique features. Its blocks were angled towards the center in the first two stages, providing increased stability. In the final stage, however, blocks were laid horizontally, weakening the structure and facilitating stone theft. The entrance, unusually high above ground level, leads to a passage with mysterious niches. The burial chamber, the first carved into the pyramid’s core, features a corbelled roof to support the weight above.

Burial and Mystery

No evidence suggests Sneferu or anyone else was buried in the Meidum pyramid. Maspero’s discovery of ropes and beams may have been left by tomb robbers, but the absence of a sarcophagus remains puzzling. Petrie’s claim of finding coffin remains lacks conclusive evidence. Siwa Giza

Mortuary Complex

The pyramid forms part of an elaborate mortuary complex. The mortuary temple, the first built on the east side, remains well-preserved. An enclosure wall surrounds the complex, with traces still visible. Mastabas for the Crown Prince and possibly the queen flank the complex. A ruined satellite pyramid, the oldest known example of a cult pyramid, is also present. Egypt Day Tours

Speculation and Attribution

The Meidum pyramid may have been initiated by Huni but completed by Sneferu. Sneferu’s name on the pyramid and nearby mastabas suggest his ownership. It’s believed that the pyramid’s collapse contributed to Sneferu’s decision to modify the design of his pyramids at Dashur. The Meidum pyramid stands as a testament to architectural innovation and the evolution of pyramid construction in ancient Egypt.    

Discovery: A Sensation for Ancient Egypt Siwa

The unearthing of Tutankhamun’s tomb captivated the world, elevating the stature of Ancient Egypt among tourists and scholars alike. Despite two previous instances of pilfering, the tomb’s remoteness from other burial sites and the concealment of its entrance beneath debris kept it intact until Howard Carter’s momentous discovery in 1922.

Pre-Discovery Era: Mystery and Speculation

During the Twentieth Dynasty, a systematic clearing of tombs aimed to safeguard and repurpose the goods of ancient pharaohs. However, Tutankhamun’s absence from the Abydos kings list and the obscurity of his tomb entrance allowed it to remain largely undisturbed.

Early Excavations: Near Misses and False Hopes

Theodore M. Davis’s 1907 discovery of a cache of Tutankhamun-related artifacts reignited interest. Subsequently, he mistakenly identified the tomb of Horemheb as Tutankhamun’s, declaring the Valley of Kings “exhausted.”

Howard Carter’s Triumph: A Lost Tomb Rediscovered

Howard Carter’s relentless search, funded by Lord Carnarvon, culminated in the discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1922. Its compact size, unusual location, and rich contents marked it as a unique and captivating find.

The Tomb’s Intricacies: A Deviation from Tradition Hurghada

While smaller than many royal tombs, Tutankhamun’s burial place was meticulously crafted with a distinctive layout. It featured a descending corridor leading to an antechamber, a lower burial chamber, and an eastern annex (treasury).

Decorative Splendor: A Tribute to the Afterlife

The tomb’s unique decoration focused solely on the burial chamber, depicting scenes from the Opening of the Mouth ritual, the Amduat (Book of the Dead), and the young pharaoh’s journey into the underworld.

The “Curse” of Tutankhamun: A Persistent Myth

A legend surrounding the “Curse of Tutankhamun” emerged after the deaths of several individuals associated with the tomb’s excavation. However, this myth lacks scientific evidence and has been refuted by experts.

About Nuweiba

Nuweiba, situated between Dahab and Taba, is an important port connecting Egypt to Jordan and Asia. As the town’s Arabic name suggests, it’s renowned for its water wells and is home to a castle built in 1893. Nuweiba offers a range of tourist amenities, including hotels, restaurants, diving centers, and duty-free shopping. Cheap Holidays to Egypt

Nuweiba: A Unique City

Nuweiba stands out for its Bedouin population, contributing to its distinctive atmosphere. Popular activities include diving, snorkeling, safari trips, yoga in the desert, and enjoying the beautiful beaches. The city boasts exceptional coral reefs and four equipped diving centers to cater to divers of all levels. Cairo Tours from Hurghada Egypt Christmas Holidays

Nearby Attractions

1. Pharos Island: Located north of Nuweiba, this island features Fort Saladin, built in 1170 A.D. and overlooking the Gulf of Aqaba.
2. The Nabq Protected Area: Known for its diverse wildlife, including rare animals, reptiles, and migrating birds.
3. Abu Galum Protected Area: Features a unique ecosystem with desert, mountains, and valleys, offering exceptional diving spots.
4. Saint Catharine: A day trip from Nuweiba allows for visits to the ancient monastery and nearby monuments like Serabit El Khadem.

Best Nuweiba Hotels

1. The Swisscare Nuweiba Resort Hotel: A private resort with a beautiful beach, comfortable suites, and excellent amenities.
2. Habiba Village: A conveniently located village near the town center.
3. Regina Nuweiba: Offers panoramic sea and mountain views.
4. Coral Hilton Nuweiba: A spacious hotel on a Red Sea beach with stunning surroundings.

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The Ruling Queens of Egypt

Despite Egyptian society largely valuing male power, several women played prominent roles as co-rulers or sole rulers of Egypt. These queens included: Egypt Tour Packages

1. Queen MerNeith: Possibly ruled after her husband King Djet’s death, becoming the first female ruler of Egypt.
2. Queen Neithikret: Rose to power during the transition between the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period.
3. Queen Sobekneferu: The last female ruler of the 12th Dynasty, known for building structures and using masculine titles.
4. Queen Hatshepsut: Reigned as sole ruler for over 20 years, dressed like a king and used masculine pronouns to assert authority.
5. Queen Nefertiti: Known for her beauty and role in the cult of Aten during her husband Akhenaten’s reign.
6. Queen Twosret: Co-ruled with her stepson Siptah before becoming sole ruler for two years.
7. Queen Cleopatra: Last ruler of Egypt, known for her alliances with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.

Other Famous Egyptian Queens

In addition to the ruling queens, other notable Egyptian queens include:

1. Queen Nefertari: Great Royal Wife of Ramses II, known for her influence in diplomacy and her luxurious tomb.
2. Queen Ankhesenamun: Wife of Tutankhamun, whose loving relationship is depicted in preserved depictions.

Daily Lives of The Ancient Egyptian Queens

Status and Titles: Wives of pharaohs held titles such as “Great Wife” or “God’s Wife” and were highly respected.

Appearance: Egyptian queens were expected to be young and beautiful, with emphasis on good hygiene and grooming habits. Cheap Holidays to Egypt

Egyptian Queen Attire

Queens wore comfortable linen tunics, petticoats, and elaborate capes. They adorned their clothing with beads and wore gold and silver jewelry. Egypt Christmas Holidays

Egyptian Queen Tombs and Mummies

Notable queen tombs include Queen Merneith’s Tomb Y, Queen Hatshepsut’s mortuary complex at Deir el-Bahri, and Queen Nefertiti’s mummy in KV35.

Ruling Egyptian Queen Facts

1. Queen Hatshepsut’s reign was the longest of any female ruler in Egypt.
2. Queen Nefertiti may have had a significant influence on the religion centered around Aten.
3. Cleopatra was of Greek descent and known as “The Queen of the Nile.”
4. Ancient Egyptian queens enjoyed legal rights, including the ability to own property and defend themselves in court.
5. Queen MerNeith’s burial with 50 servants demonstrates her power as a ruler.

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Ancient Wonders

In the annals of history, Egypt stands as a beacon of ancient civilization, its iconic monuments still enchanting visitors today. The enigmatic Giza pyramids, towering sentinels of the past, were constructed as eternal resting places for pharaohs. Their grand scale and intricate design have made them one of the world’s most enduring architectural marvels. Nestled along the banks of the Nile River, also known as the “Death River,” lie the tombs of Pharaohs, their secrets forever entwined with the river’s enigmatic flow. Edfu

Islamic Legacy

Beyond the pyramids, Egypt’s rich history is evident in its vibrant Islamic architecture. The Ibn Tulun Mosque, dating back to 879 AD, is a testament to Cairo’s architectural splendor. Its ornate carvings and helical minarets recall the era of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Siwa Oasis, once a thriving trade hub and refuge for cultural Berbers, stands isolated in the Libyan Desert, its natural springs and palm trees offering respite from the harsh desert environment. Hurghada Day Tours

Archaeological Treasures

Cairo’s Egyptian Museum houses an unparalleled collection of Egyptian antiquities, showcasing the country’s vast and diverse history. From ancient papyri and coins to artifacts from the enigmatic Valley of the Kings, the museum offers a glimpse into the lives and beliefs of ancient Egypt. The Valley of the Kings itself, located near Luxor, is an underground labyrinth adorned with stunning tombs, where the stories of Egypt’s rulers are etched into the very walls.

Temples and Religious Sites

Karnak, one of the largest religious sites in the world, is a testament to the enduring power of ancient Egyptian faith. Spanning generations, this sprawling complex encompasses three main temples and the awe-inspiring Hypostyle Hall, its colossal columns reaching towards the heavens. Through these historical wonders, Egypt continues to captivate the imagination, inviting visitors to explore the depths of its rich past and the legacy it has left upon the world.Sharm EL Sheikh Tours

Location and Dimensions

Khafre’s pyramid, the second largest at Giza, stands beside the Great Pyramid. Taking advantage of bedrock, Khafre cleverly made his pyramid appear larger than Khufu’s monument. Its base measures 215.5 meters and once reached a height of 148.5 meters. Despite a sarcophagus, there is no confirmation of Khafre’s burial within the pyramid. Karnak temple

Construction

The pyramid is built on an outcrop of rock with subterranean chambers carved within. Pink granite forms the lower cladding, while higher sections are clad in Tura limestone. The missing pyramidion may have been trimmed to fit. The casing stones’ irregular edges suggest settling or last-minute adjustments. Cairo Tours from Hurghada

Exploration and Damage

Tomb robbers first breached the pyramid during the First Intermediate Period, while the cladding was later used to build a temple for Ramesses II. Various investigations have been conducted, including a comprehensive survey by John Perring in 1837.

Mortuary Temple

Structure and Elements

Khafre’s mortuary temple showcased large limestone blocks clad with granite and an alabaster floor. It features an entrance hall, a court with columns, five niche statues of the pharaoh, storage chambers, and an inner sanctum. This temple was the first to include all standard elements of later mortuary temples.

Statues and Modification

Originally, the mortuary temple housed numerous life-size statues of Khafre, many of which were later removed and re-appropriated by Ramesses II.

Valley Temple

Causeway and Construction

Connecting the mortuary temple to the valley temple via a 494-meter causeway, the valley temple was built from massive blocks clad in red granite. Its chambers feature alabaster flooring and walls.

Interior Layout

Two entrances open into a north-south hallway with large diorite statues of Khafre. A doorway leads west to a T-shaped hallway supported by granite pillars that once housed 23 statues of the pharaoh. Small ceiling openings provided illumination. Storerooms and a courtyard are also accessible from this hall.Egypt Day Tours

Sekhmet: Goddess of Retribution

Sekhmet, an ancient Egyptian goddess, held the formidable titles of warrior, goddess of medicine, and “Eye of Ra.” Renowned for her bloodthirsty nature and relentless punishment, she served as a judge of humanity, earning the reputation of “she who dances in blood.”

Name and Origins

Scholars propose two possible interpretations for Sekhmet’s name: “she who is powerful” or “the one who loves Ma’at.” As an emissary of Ra, she brought justice, balance, and order (Ma’at) to the world. Her widespread worship emerged during the Middle Kingdom, likely influenced by the fierce power of lions and the destructive force of plagues. Memnon Colossi

Powers and Attributes

Sekhmet possessed the ability to protect the pharaoh, heal the sick, and defend Egypt and its armies from harm. She was known as the “killer of the killer” and could breathe fire, often interpreted as the scorching desert wind. Her bloodlust and vengeful nature led her to consume blood during battles or acts of revenge. Abu Simbel Temple

As the Eye of Ra, Sekhmet could locate and communicate information to the sun god. She also commanded seven messengers who carried out her commands, including delivering plagues to disobedient individuals. Her close association with Ra granted her the role of protector of the pharaoh’s authority and well-being.

Associations with Other Gods

Sekhmet had multifaceted relationships with various Egyptian deities.

1. Sekhmet and Bastet: Closely related as feline deities, they represented different aspects of the same entity. Bastet symbolized gentleness and tranquility, while Sekhmet embodied violence and vengeance.
2. Sekhmet and Anubis: In some myths, Anubis was married to Bastet, making Sekhmet a part of that union. As a killer who brought retribution, Sekhmet complemented Anubis’s role as god of the afterlife and judge of souls.
3. Sekhmet and Hathor: Sekhmet was considered the wrathful alter ego of Hathor, Ra’s wife. When humans disrespected Ra, he transformed Hathor into Sekhmet to punish them.
4. Sekhmet’s Husband and Son: Ptah, the creation god, was Sekhmet’s husband. Their son, Nefertem, represented the blue lotus and the first rays of the morning sun.
5. Sekhmet and Ra: Their relationship was complex and central to Sekhmet’s power. Ra sent her to exact vengeance on those who disobeyed him, making her a manifestation of his wrath.

Relationship with the Pharaohs

Sekhmet played a vital role in protecting the pharaohs. Relief carvings depict kings offering sacrifices to her, acknowledging both her reverence and fear. While dangerous, Sekhmet offered divine protection to the king’s body, aid in battle, and bestowed her fiery wrath on those who threatened him.

Important Myths

A prominent myth revolves around Sekhmet’s vengeance. When Ra became old and lost the respect of his people, he sent her to slaughter the disobedient. Her bloodlust led her to kill indiscriminately, threatening the destruction of all humans.

Ra intervened by sending messengers to collect red ochre, which was mixed with beer to resemble blood. Sekhmet drank the mixture, became intoxicated, and fell asleep. This allowed the other gods to pacify her.

Evolution of Sekhmet

Unlike other deities, Sekhmet underwent minimal transformation throughout her worship. She retained her lioness head and attributes, but influenced the evolution of other goddesses, such as Hathor and Bastet. Cairo Day Tours & Excursions

Depictions and Worship

Sekhmet was depicted with a woman’s body and a black lioness head. Adorned with the sun disk and uraeus, she often carried a staff and an ankh. Cats were revered in ancient Egypt as her sacred animals.

In Memphis, where her priesthood resided, a temple was dedicated to Sekhmet. Prayers were offered to her daily, with the belief that whispered words to cats would reach her. She was revered as a protector, healer, and warrior goddess, with a cult that endured throughout ancient Egypt’s history. 

Giza Pyramids: Ancient Necropolis with Phantoms

The Great Pyramids of Giza, a renowned landmark, are said to be haunted by ghostly apparitions. Residents claim to hear screams, while others have reported sightings of historical pharaohs wandering the area.

Valley of the Kings: Royal Tombs and Eerie Ghosts

Considered Egypt’s most spectacular attraction, the Valley of the Kings is a haven for paranormal activity. Visitors have reported seeing ghostly pharaohs and floating spirits roaming the burial grounds of ancient rulers.

Farafra Desert: Cursed Wanderer

The vast Farafra Desert is said to be haunted by the ghost of Akhenaten, a former pharaoh accused of bringing new and unpopular beliefs. According to legend, he was cursed to wander the desert endlessly upon his death.

Baron Palace: Haunted Mansion of Secrets

The intriguing Baron Palace, known for its Indian-inspired architecture, is rumored to be one of Egypt’s most haunted homes. Visitors have witnessed ghostly apparitions, flickering lights, and unexplained fires, all said to stem from a mysterious murder that occurred there in the past.

Dahshor Pyramid: Echoes of Gunfire

The royal necropolis of Dahshor features magnificent pyramids that attract tourists. However, strange occurrences have been reported, including echoing gunshots despite no nearby training. Locals believe that soldiers killed in military training still haunt the area. Abu Simbel Temple

El Sherifa Dina Road: Tragic Ghost of a Child

A house on El Sherifa Dina Road is believed to be haunted by the spirit of a young girl who fell from a terrace. Residents claim to have witnessed her presence playing with toys, while others report hearing her cries and screams.

Roshdy Building: Cursed Construction

Roshdy Building in Alexandria is known for eerie incidents. Residents have heard cries of pain and seen blood flowing from taps. Legend has it that the builder tortured laborers during construction, or that a worker cursed the building in a dispute with the owner. Sharm EL Sheikh Tours Abu Simbel

Helwan Hospital: Former Residence of the Dead

A former palace that once housed King Farouk’s family later became a morgue for the royal family. Rumors of haunting have persisted ever since, with visitors reporting strange noises, flickering lights, and the presence of floating ghosts.

Wady El Natroon Highway: Dangerous Roadway with Mysterious Accidents

This highway is notorious for its numerous accidents. Travelers have reported seeing ghosts roaming the area at night, appearing next to vehicles, and even causing crashes. Egypt Tours Including Abu Simbel Sharm El Sheikh

Villa of Ezzat Abou Ouf: Harmless Specter

The villa of renowned actor Ezzat Abou Ouf has earned a spooky reputation. Guests have witnessed the ghost of an elderly man holding a lamp. While harmless, its presence is said to send chills down the spine.

Egypt: A Traveler’s Haven

Egypt, with its enchanting tapestry of ancient wonders and cultural treasures, beckons travelers from near and far. From the awe-inspiring pyramids to the enigmatic Sphinx, Egypt’s past whispers secrets of a bygone era, leaving visitors spellbound. Cheap Holidays to Egypt Egypt Family Holiday Packages

Unforgettable Experiences

Egypt offers an immersive experience that transports you to a world of intrigue and enchantment. The ethereal tranquility of the Nile River contrasts with the haunting allure of the Valley of the Kings, where the tombs of ancient pharaohs emanate an eerie beauty. Immerse yourself in Egypt’s captivating culture, from the bustling markets of Cairo to the serene beaches of Sharm-el-Sheikh. Egypt Tour Packages

Affordable Adventures

Making your Egyptian dream a reality is within reach with our exclusive vacation packages. Discover the most comprehensive and budget-friendly options at ask-aladdin.com. Explore a multitude of online travel platforms for competitive deals and secure the perfect getaway that caters to your budget and preferences.Egypt Christmas HolidaysEgypt Classic Tour Packages

Name and Reign Menkauhor’s name marked a departure from tradition, omitting Ra from his prenomen. His rule is attested through references to his funeral cult, an inscription in Sinai, and a seal from Abusir. Despite his eight-year reign, no evidence of a sed festival has been found. Sharm EL Sheikh Tours

Lineage and Family Menkauhor’s family connections are unclear. He may have been related to Niuserre but lacks definitive evidence. His mother could have been Khentkaus III, although this is also uncertain. Scholars speculate that he was identical to Khentykauhor, Niuserre’s son, but a mastaba inscription complicates this theory. Khuit I and Meresankh IV are potential candidates for his queens, but confirmation remains elusive. Djedkare Isesi may have been his son, but this is also unsubstantiated. Philae temple Kom Ombo temple

Monuments and Legacy Menkauhor’s solar temple, Akhet-Re, may have been the последнего in the dynasty. Его местонахождение неизвестно. His pyramid, Netjer-isut-Menkauhor, may be the so-called “headless pyramid” in Saqqara, where a cult to Menkauhor existed during the Eighteenth Dynasty. The pyramid’s unusual location suggests it may not have been built in Abusir like its predecessors.

Egypt Family Holiday Packages

Reign and Chronology

Neferkare, meaning “Beautiful is the Ka of Re,” was an ancient Egyptian king during the Second Dynasty. Records of his rule appear in the Saqqara Kings List and Turin list, placing him between Senedji and Neferkasoker. He may correspond to Manetho’s Nepherkheres, who reigned for 25 years. However, his potential rule over only Lower Egypt could explain his omission from the Abydos kings list. Cheap Holidays to Egypt

Name and Identity

Neferkare’s Horus name remains uncertain, leading to some confusion with Sneferka, who may have ruled at the end of the First Dynasty. The commonality of his name elements raises the possibility of an error by scribes in composing the kings lists.

Archaeological Evidence

Unfortunately, archaeological evidence to corroborate Neferkare’s rule is lacking. Egypt Tour PackagesEgypt Christmas HolidaysEgypt Classic Tour Packages

Pharaoh’s Names

– Manetho: Nepherkheres – Turin list and Saqqara Kings List: Neferkare – Variant: Neferka

Bibliography

– Clayton, Peter A. (1994) Chronicle of the Pharaohs – Dodson, A. and Hilton, D. (2004) The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt – Rice, Michael (1999) Who’s Who in Ancient Egypt

Epitome of Divine Retribution and Maintainer of Order

Maahes, the lion-headed solar deity, emerged during the Middle Kingdom, possibly drawing inspiration from the Nubian lion-god Apedemak. His name, meaning “True Before Her” or “(one who can) see in front,” connects him with Ma’at, the concept of truth and balance. As the “Lord of the Massacre” and “Wielder of the Knife,” he punished violators of Ma’at, promoting justice and order throughout the realm. Egypt Christmas Holidays Egypt Classic Tour Packages Sharm EL Sheikh Tours

The Lion of Royalty and Divine Protection

Strongly associated with royalty, Maahes was seen as the patron of the pharaoh. As the son of either Bast or Sekhmet, he personified the power and authority of both Upper and Lower Egypt. His link to Nefertum, the god of perfumed oils, granted him an association with fragrance. Additionally, his connections to war gods like Anhur and Shemsu reinforced his fierce and protective nature.

Cult and Veneration

The cult center of Maahes was located at Leontopolis, where tame lions were revered and cared for in his temple. Worship of Maahes extended to other regions such as Djeba, Iunet, Per-Bast, and Nubia. In Memphis, he was often associated with the triad featuring Nefertum and Imhotep. Aswan Tours & Excursions

Symbolism and Attributes

Maahes was commonly depicted as a lion-headed man wearing the Double Crown or the atef crown. He carried a knife and was often shown with a bouquet of lotus flowers. Alternatively, he could appear as a lion devouring a victim. As the personification of the sun’s heat, he possessed a fierce and protective aspect. By Greek times, he was also regarded as a storm god. Despite his aggressive nature, Maahes remained a protector of the innocent and sacred spaces, shielding the pharaoh and Ra from harm.Cheap Holidays to Egypt

Per-Bastet: Home of the Cat-Goddess

Tell Basta, also known as the modern-day town of Zagazig, is the site of the ancient city of Per-Bastet, once a prominent religious and political center associated with the worship of the cat-goddess Bastet. During the Third Intermediate Period, it served as the capital of the 18th Lower Egyptian nome and was known to the Greeks as Bubastis. Grand Egyptian Museum Philae temple

The Temple of Bastet

The most significant structure at Tell Basta is the Temple of Bastet, located on the south-eastern side of the site. Constructed from red granite, the temple has seen additions and renovations throughout different periods of history. It is believed to have been founded on Old Kingdom foundations and may have received additions by Rameses II. The temple is heavily damaged, but its remnants provide insights into the cult of Bastet and the religious practices of the time.

The History of Per-Bastet

Tell Basta has been occupied since at least the Dynasty IV period. During the Third Intermediate Period, the Libyan rulers of Dynasty XXII chose Per-Bastet as their Delta residence. They invested in the construction of new religious structures around the Temple of Bastet, including a new court, entrance hall, and a massive granite gateway. Later, during the 22nd year of his reign, Osorkon II built a festival hall and hypostyle hall.

The Discovery of the Statue of Meritamun

A significant find at Tell Basta is the colossal inscribed statue of Meritamun, the daughter and royal consort of Rameses II. The statue, carved from pink granite and standing at around 11m tall, is similar to the statue of Meritamun at Akhmim. It is believed to have fronted a large temple of Rameses II’s period and has been restored and erected at the site. Kom Ombo temple

The Discovery of the Stone Stela

In 2004, a fragment of a stone stela dating from 238 BC was discovered during excavations at Tell Basta. Inscribed in ancient Greek, Hieroglyphs, and Demotic script, the stela records a royal decree in the name of Ptolemy III and mentions a reform in the Egyptian calendar. It is a notable find that resembles the Rosetta Stone and provides valuable information about the history of the site. Karnak temple

The Archaeological Significance of Tell Basta

Tell Basta is an active archaeological site with ongoing excavations. Recent discoveries, such as a granite head of Rameses II and a cache of small gold figurines, continue to shed light on the rich history and cultural significance of this ancient city. With the reconstruction of the temple and the establishment of a visitor center and museum, Tell Basta is becoming increasingly accessible to tourists, offering a glimpse into the vibrant past of ancient Egypt. Edfu temple

Saft el-Hinna

Per-Sopdu: The City of the Falcon-god

A few kilometers southeast of Tell Basta, in the village of Saft el-Hinna, lies the site of Per-Sopdu, the ancient capital of the 20th Lower Egyptian nome. Per-Sopdu was a significant cult center for the Falcon-god Sopdu, who was worshipped as the guardian of eastern desert routes.

The Temple Enclosure and Artifacts

Edouard Naville investigated the remains of the temple enclosure walls at Saft el-Hinna in 1885. Notable artifacts include a granite naos of Sopdu built by Nectanebo I, a fragmentary granite statue of Nectanebo I now housed in the British Museum, and a stela possibly naming the little-known Dynasty XIV ruler Merdjedefre.

How to Get There

Tell Basta is located about 80km northeast of Cairo, on the southeastern edge of Zagazig. It is accessible by following the railway line and is secured by guards and tourist police. Tickets for the site cost EGP 20.

A Gift from the Nile

Lord Horatio Kitchener, the Egyptian Consul, received an oval-shaped island in the Nile River as a reward for his military services in the 1890s. This island became the site of his botanical paradise. Egypt Shore Excursions Pyramids

A Garden of Wonder

In 1899, Kitchener’s keen gardening skills transformed the island into a botanical garden under the supervision of the Ministry of Irrigation. Exotic plants and trees from across the globe flourished in Aswan’s climate, including the native Sycamore Fig and Date Palm.

A Haven of Tranquility

Today, visitors to Kitchener’s Island step into a peaceful oasis. Amidst paved walkways, they encounter a vibrant tapestry of foliage, flowers, and unusual plants. Rare exotic birds flutter among the branches, creating a symphony of colors. A cafeteria offers respite at the southern end.

A Scientific Legacy

The island, now owned by the Egyptian government and known as Plant Island or Geziret el-Nabatat, hosts a biological research station. This station provides rare tropical plants and timber trees to various regions globally.

A Journey to Paradise

Motor boats or feluccas transport visitors to Kitchener’s Island from the Corniche at Aswan, granting them access to this botanical sanctuary and a moment of tranquility amidst their travels.Valley of the Kings

Saqqara served as the primary burial ground for the ancient city of Memphis. From the beginning of Dynasty I, the Egyptian elite built their tombs in the area, with the Step Pyramid of Djoser as its most famous landmark.

**The Step Pyramid Complex**

The Step Pyramid, constructed by King Netjerikhet of Dynasty III, is distinguished by its six stepped ‘mastabas’ and a surrounding complex of dummy buildings within a niched limestone wall. Beyond the wall, a rectangular trench, filled with sand, is visible from aerial photographs. The high limestone walls are decorated with niches and false doors, possibly representing the King’s earthly residence, termed the ‘palace façade.’ The single entrance to the enclosure leads to the entrance colonnade, featuring engaged columns resembling reeds or palm ribs.

**The High Priest of Heliopolis: Imhotep**

Imhotep, possibly Djoser’s son, is credited with the design and construction of the Step Pyramid complex. He was deified as the god of wisdom during the Ptolemaic Period and worshipped as Asklepios, the god of medicine, by the Greeks.

**The Jubilee Court**

North of the entrance colonnade lies the Jubilee Court, lined with dummy buildings representing Upper and Lower Egypt. These buildings feature arched and vaulted roofs and were likely used for the King’s heb-sed, or jubilee festival. A structure known as Temple ‘T’ is thought to mimic the King’s palace. At the court’s southern end, an elevated dais held the thrones of Upper and Lower Egypt.

**The House of the North and House of the South**

Two enigmatic buildings, the House of the North and House of the South, may have had funerary significance. Constructed with organic materials represented in stone, they may represent the shrines of ancient deities.

**Djoser’s Mortuary Temple**

Djoser’s mortuary temple is situated against the pyramid’s northern wall. It was the cult center of the King but is now mostly ruined. The original entrance shaft into the Step Pyramid can still be seen in the temple floor. Pyramids

**The Serdab and the Step Pyramid** Fayoum

A tiny, sealed chamber called the serdab contains a life-sized statue of Djoser, facing north. The Step Pyramid itself was likely built in stages, initially as a square mastaba, then expanded into a 4-step and 6-step structure. Below ground, it contains a complex system of shafts, tunnels, and chambers leading to the burial chamber.

**The Burial Chamber and Galleries**

Inside the burial chamber, pink granite blocks may have replaced original limestone blocks. Fragments of limestone blocks carved with stars were found re-used, suggesting a possible star ceiling in the chamber. Little was found within the granite burial vault except for bone fragments from a burial long after Djoser’s reign. Galleries and magazines surround the burial vault, decorated with exquisite faience tiles and reliefs depicting the King.

**The South Courtyard and the South Tomb**

In front of the southern face of the Step Pyramid is a large open courtyard with two enigmatic buildings. The South Tomb, located in the courtyard’s southwest corner, is a miniature replica of the subterranean chambers of the Step Pyramid, its purpose remains unknown.

**Exploration and Archaeology**

Djoser’s complex was first investigated by Napoleon’s expedition. Many archaeologists have excavated at the site since then, with Cecil Firth and Jean-Philippe Lauer conducting systematic investigations that spanned the 20th century. Monsieur Lauer dedicated his life to the study of Saqqara, and much of our knowledge of the site’s history and architecture is attributed to him.    

Family Background Aswan High Dam

Hatshepsut, born to Thuthmosis I and Queen Ahmose, had a notable family lineage. Her half-brother, Thuthmosis II, became pharaoh after their father’s death, and she became his Great Wife. Despite her marriage, Hatshepsut’s claim to rule stemmed from her royal lineage as the daughter of the king.

From Queen to Pharaoh Egypt Day Tours

Hatshepsut’s role as regent for Thuthmosis III was initially unremarkable. However, she gradually assumed royal symbols, coining herself “King of Upper and Lower Egypt.” She portrayed herself as both male and female, wearing traditionally male attire while maintaining her femininity.

Unorthodox Rule and Divine Right

Hatshepsut’s assumption of pharaonic power required justification. She promoted the divine conception myth, claiming her father appointed her successor, and restoring Egypt after Hyksos rule. Despite co-reigning with Thuthmosis III, she dominated their partnership, depicted as closer to the gods.

Legacy and Female Influence

Hatshepsut’s reign was marked by a significant expansion of Karnak Temple and her Deir el Bahari mortuary temple. She initiated a famous trade mission to Punt. Despite her death and Tuthmosis III’s attempts to erase her rule, Hatshepsut’s legacy as a female pharaoh who skillfully adapted traditional iconography remains profound.

Pharaoh’s Names

Nomen: Ma’atkare

Kom Ombo temple

The Unfinished Obelisk and Ancient Stone-Cutting Techniques

At the southern end of Aswan lies the Northern Quarry, an ancient source of granite used in the construction of many Egyptian monuments. Visitors flock to see the “unfinished obelisk,” a massive granite block left attached to the rock, demonstrating the remarkable stone-cutting techniques of the ancient Egyptians. It is attributed to Queen Hatshepsut and intended to be an obelisk similar to her Karnak Temple obelisk. Experts suggest various techniques used for splitting granite, including driving in water-soaked wooden wedges or using stone tools and abrasives heated and cooled rapidly.

The Northern Quarry: A Technological Showcase

Given the limited tools of the time, the unfinished obelisk in the Northern Quarry reveals the advanced technology of the ancient Egyptians. This majestic stone, measuring 42 meters and weighing over 1200 tons, developed a flaw during quarrying, leaving it abandoned for the next 3000 years. It has since become a popular tourist attraction. The quarry also features many cut-marks and sketches on the rock faces, providing insights into the ancient stone-cutting process.

Recent Excavations and Discoveries

Recent excavations in the Northern Quarry have uncovered numerous granite objects, tools, and artists’ sketches, enhancing our understanding of stone-cutting and transportation. Hieroglyphic inscriptions from the reign of Tuthmose III reveal instructions for quarrying two large obelisks for Karnak Temple. A harbor was also discovered, indicating the transportation of granite northward along the Nile. The site has been renovated with walkways and viewing platforms for visitors, offering a unique glimpse into the ancient stone-cutting industry.

Nearby Monuments and Inscriptions

The Southern Quarry, located to the south of the unfinished obelisk, is still in use today. Explore the hilltop to find partially cut stones and boulders, showcasing both ancient and modern quarrying practices. An open-air exhibition of modern granite sculpture can be found nearby, part of the Aswan International Sculpture Symposium. Additionally, numerous rock inscriptions in the area provide valuable historical insights.Aswan Tours & Excursions

Origins and Growth of the Thoth Cult

Thoth, also known as Tehuty or Djehuty, was one of the oldest Egyptian gods. He was particularly revered in Khnum (Hermopolis Magna), where he was worshipped as part of the Ogdoad. As his cult’s influence grew, the myth surrounding him was modified to depict him as the creator god.

Creation Myths and the Lunar Connection

According to one myth, Thoth (as an ibis) laid an egg from which Ra (or other deities) was born. Another myth suggests that Thoth self-created through the power of language, a concept paralleling the Gospel of John’s “In the beginning was the Word.” Thoth’s song is said to have brought forth eight deities of the Ogdoad. Over time, Thoth became associated with the moon, possibly due to the resemblance between the crescent moon and an ibis’s beak.

Patron of Scribes and the Written Word

Thoth was the patron of scribes and the written word. He was the scribe of the underworld, who recorded the verdict on the deceased. He was given epithets like “God of Equilibrium” and “Master of the Balance.” Thoth maintained the library of the gods with his wife, Seshat.

Other Roles and Functions

Thoth was credited with the invention of writing, medicine, magic, and religious practices. He was also known as the “Author of Every Work” on various branches of knowledge. He was involved in the resurrection of Osiris and the protection of Horus. Thoth is also associated with the creation of the calendar and the measurement of time. Cheap Holidays to Egypt Sharm EL Sheikh Tours

Depictions and Greek Influence

Thoth was often depicted as a man with an ibis head, holding a scribe’s palette and stylus. He could also be shown as an ibis or a baboon. The Greeks associated Thoth with Hermes, leading to the Hellenistic deity Hermes Trismegistus, who continues to have significance in occultism today.Sharm El SheikhHatshepsutValley of the Kings

1. Ancient History and Local Crafts:
   • Khan El Khalili Bazaar is one of Cairo’s oldest and largest bazaars, dating back to the early Middle Ages.
   • It is renowned for its vibrant atmosphere, offering a myriad of traditional Egyptian items and unique products from local artisans.
2. Essential Shopping Destination:Sharm El Sheikh
   • The bazaar is a shopping haven, with countless stalls and shops selling everything from jewelry and spices to carpets and leather goods.
   • Don’t be afraid to haggle and explore the wide variety of unique and affordable treasures.
3. Cultural Immersion and Exploration:Egypt Tours Including Abu Simbel
   • Khan El Khalili is not just a marketplace; it’s a living neighborhood where locals socialize and share their culture.
   • Take a leisurely stroll through its winding alleyways, visit ancient mosques and palaces, and enjoy the vibrant atmosphere.

Historical Origins and Significance

1. Origins in the Mamluk Era:Grand Egyptian Museum
   • The market was built in the 14th century by Amir Karkas el-Khalili, as part of a reconstruction project by Sultan Barquq.
   • Some original architectural features from the Mamluk era, such as arched portals and vaulted ceilings, can still be seen.
2. Location and Accessibility:Sharm EL Sheikh Tours
   • The bazaar is conveniently located near the Al-Hussein Mosque in Old Cairo, accessible by taxi or metro (Bab El Shaariya Station).
   • It is open daily, with some shops extending their hours until late in the evening.

Unique Products and Souvenirs

1. Jewelry:
   • Intricate rings, necklaces, bracelets, and earrings adorned with gemstones and oriental motifs are a popular purchase.
2. Spices:
   • Aromatic and colorful spices from all over the East, including exotic herbs and seeds, are sold in abundance.
3. Antiques:
   • Discover hidden treasures among antique Aladdin lamps, handwoven textiles, metal figurines, and painted utensils.
4. Carpets:
   • Vibrant Egyptian carpets featuring warm colors and geometric shapes add a touch of Eastern charm to any home.
5. Leather Goods:Abu Simbel
   • High-quality leather sandals, bags, jackets, and belts are crafted by local artisans, offranting exclusive accessories.
6. Hookahs:
   • Intricate shisha water pipes in various shapes, colors, and sizes are available, both as decorative pieces and functional items.
7. Glassware:
   • Multi-colored glass lamps, blown glass figurines, and stained glass paintings are practical and beautiful souvenirs.
8. Ceramics:
   • Exquisite plates, tea sets, and vases with intricate geometric patterns showcase the renowned quality of Egyptian ceramics.

Entrance Nestled amidst the tombs of Teti’s officials in Saqqara, the impressive mastaba of Kagemni stands as a testament to the grandeur of the Sixth Dynasty. The tomb, renowned for its exquisite reliefs, has been meticulously recorded by a team led by Dr. Yvonne Harpur, using innovative photographic and epigraphic techniques. Luxor

Interior Chambers Upon entering the mastaba, visitors are greeted by the imposing figure of Kagemni, portrayed in all his corpulence on the entrance jambs. The tomb’s eight decorated chambers and five store-rooms boast a wealth of reliefs, including scenes of fishing, fowling, hunting, and animal husbandry. The colors, though not as vibrant as those in Mereruka’s tomb, still captivate with their depictions of vibrant flora and fauna. Aswan

Offering Hall and Burial Chamber Beyond the pillared hall lies the offering hall, where men and priests bring offerings to the departed Kagemni. The false door, surrounded by a triple jamb inscribed with offerings due to the deceased, stands as a portal to the afterlife. In the separate serdab chamber, boat-shaped pits evoke ancient beliefs about the journey to the next realm. The burial shaft, located at the northern end of the tomb, contains the sarcophagus and canopic jars of Kagemni, along with other funerary items now housed in the Cairo Museum.Egypt Christmas Holidays

Forms and Purposes Hurghada Day Tours

Ancient Egyptian literature encompasses diverse forms, written in hieratic, demotic, and hieroglyphic texts. Stelae, inscribed with hieroglyphs, proclaimed successes and political agendas, while temple inscriptions served as propaganda for pharaohs and priests. Tomb inscriptions provided biographical information and insights into religious beliefs.

Mythology and Mythology

Ancient Egyptian mythology is fragmented and multifaceted, with multiple versions of myths and complex characters. The attributes of gods were often reinforced or contradicted by different texts, making their mythology intricate and confusing. Egypt Tour Packages

Scribes and Administration

Scribes played a crucial role in Egyptian society, copying texts, creating new documents, and facilitating the administration of taxes, architecture, and legal matters. They contributed significantly to the preservation and expansion of Egyptian culture.

Historical Records

Stelae served as historical markers, recording events such as battles, royal victories, and religious ceremonies. Notable examples include the Rosetta Stone, Palermo Stone, Dream Stele (Sphinx Stele), Stele of the Rameside Family, and Israel Stele. Correspondence, such as the Armarna Letters, provides insights into international relations and diplomatic exchanges.

Biographies

Biographies chronicled the lives of prominent figures, detailing their military service and accomplishments. The Biography of Ahmose Son of Ebana provides a firsthand account of the reign of several pharaohs.

Literature and Poetry

Ancient Egyptian literature included storytelling, poetry, and satire. The Story of Sinuhe is considered the first historical novel, while poems inscribed on tomb walls were sung during mortuary feasts. The Instructions of Dua-Khety satirized other occupations and extolled the virtues of the scribal profession.

Religious Texts Grand Egyptian Museum

The Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts, and Book of Two Ways are ancient religious texts that provide insights into Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife. The Book of Gates describes the journey of the sun god Ra through the underworld at night. The Spell of the Twelve Caves depicts the Netherworld as a series of caves with friendly deities.

Discovery and Contents Valley of the Kings

KV 56, the “Gold Tomb,” was discovered in 1908 by Ayrton. It contained numerous stone and pottery vessels, some inscribed with the names of Ramesses II, Seti II, and Tausret. It also yielded a remarkable cache of jewelry inscribed with the names of Seti II and Tausret.

Jewelry Cache Luxor temple

The notable pieces from the jewelry cache include a finger ring with the cartouche of Seti II, cuff bracelets depicting Tausret pouring liquid into Seti’s cup, a diadem, earrings, and a necklace with a rosette motif inscribed with the cartouches of Seti II and Tausret. Other pieces feature gold, glass, and stone with the name of Tausret, including a small silver sandal and gloves filled with gold rings inscribed with the names of Seti II, Tausret, and Ramesses II.

Purpose and Speculation White desert

The tomb’s purpose remains unclear. Nicholas Reeves suggests it was originally for an Amarna era queen or princess, while others propose it was a cache of jewelry from Tausret’s tomb, KV 14. The lack of bone fragments, mud sealings, and evidence of a completed burial raises further questions about its use during the eighteenth dynasty.

Competing Theories

Maspero theorized the jewelry was a cache retrieved from KV 14 when it was usurped by Ramesses III. Aldred believed it was the intact burial of an unnamed child of Seti II and Tausret. Roehrig suggests the objects may have come from multiple burials or were left by tomb robbers. The truth remains elusive, leaving KV 56 a tantalizing enigma.

Historical Background

Once part of the ancient capital Hebet, Hibis Temple stands as the largest and best-preserved temple of its period in the Kharga Oasis. Excavations have uncovered remnants of the ancient town, Hebet, which spanned approximately 1 square kilometer. The discovery of a cemetery dating back to the Second Intermediate Period and New Kingdom, as well as Christian era buildings from around AD350, indicates a prolonged occupation of the site.

Architectural Splendor

The earliest structures of Hibis Temple date back to the reign of Darius I during the Persian period. Dedicated to the Theban triad, the temple underwent additions and enhancements by subsequent rulers. Nectanebo I and Nectanebo II enclosed the temple with a stone enclosure wall, creating an entrance with a series of gateways leading to the inner parts. A monumental kiosk with eight columns adorned the entrance to the main temple, while a larger hypostyle hall was added by Hakor of Dynasty XXIX. Egypt Tour Packages

Transitionary Architecture

The inner parts of the temple reveal a transition between New Kingdom and Ptolemaic architecture. Behind the hypostyle hall is a pronaos with papyrus columns and screen walls. The earlier hypostyle hall and sanctuary contain side-chambers and stairs leading up to the roof, where various cult chambers dedicated to Osiris were located. Cairo Tours from Hurghada Cheap Holidays to Egypt

Religious Significance

Hibis Temple is adorned with a rich religious iconography and theological texts. A unique wall-relief depicts the winged figure of Seth, god of the desert oases, battling the serpent Apophis. Min, another desert god, was also venerated here. A Greek codex discovered on the antiquities market in Luxor provides insights into water sources and government officials in the oasis. Egypt Christmas Holidays Egypt Classic Tour Packages

Restoration Challenges

Hibis Temple has faced challenges due to subterranean water rise and unstable ground. Efforts to control water and protect the structure have been ongoing throughout the 20th century. In 2000, a salvage operation to dismantle and relocate the temple failed, leading to accelerated decay. Restorations in its current position continue, while scholars study the temple’s texts

Introduction

Philae, an island sanctuary of ancient Egypt, holds a rich history and architectural marvels dedicated to the cult of Isis. Despite challenges posed by flooding, the temples of Philae were relocated to ensure their preservation. Karnak temple

The Temple of Isis

The Temple of Isis, the island’s grandest structure, stands as a testament to the worship of Isis, Osiris, and Horus. Its notable features include: Edfu temple

1. Gate of Ptolemy II: Adorned with granite lions and obelisks, which played a crucial role in deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs.
2. First Pylon: Depicting reliefs of gods and pharaohs, including a menacing scene of Dionysus subduing Egypt’s enemies.
3. Birth House: Showcasing rituals to validate the pharaoh’s lineage from Horus.
4. Second Pylon: Carved with images of Ptolemy XII performing rituals and scenes related to temple ownership.
5. Inner Courtyard: Boasting a painted hypostyle hall and intricate ceiling representing the creation myth.
6. Sanctuary: A small chamber housing a pedestal with the image of Isis in her sacred boat.

Nectanebo’s Kiosk

An open-air hall with pillars and walls adorned with reliefs of Nectanebo I performing offerings to the gods. Luxor temple

Temple of Hathor

Built by Ptolemy VI and Ptolemy VIII, this temple features a colonnade hall adorned with decorations honoring Isis and Hathor. Philae temple Kom Ombo temple

Trajan’s Kiosk

Considered the most alluring structure on Philae, this roofless kiosk likely sheltered Isis’ barque and is elaborately decorated with reliefs of Trajan performing rituals.

Additional Structures

Philae also boasts other temples, such as the Temple of Hoe-Anhur and the Temple of Augustus, as well as chapels dedicated to Mandulis and Imhotep